Irish Immigrants in Boston

The life of Irish immigrants in Boston was one of poverty and discrimination. The religiously centered culture of the Irish has along with their importance on family has allowed the Irish to prosper and persevere through times of injustice. Boston's Irish immigrant population amounted to a tenth of its population. Many after arriving could not find suitable jobs and ended up living where earlier generations had resided. This attributed to the "invisibility" of the Irish.

Much of the very early migration had been heavily male, but during the famine years, migration was largely a family affair. Families were arriving serially in "chain" migration while others suffered high mortality rates in these years. The Irish were the first to practice "chain or serial migration" on a large scale. During the famine years males still outnumbered women in migration numbers but not by a large margin. However in the post famine years and especially after 1880 more women came from Ireland than males. The reason for this was that women were always more deprived of work than men in Ireland, and in the post-famine years the position of women got exponentially worse. In Ireland, contrary to what was happening in the United States, women did not live longer than men. The lives of immigrant Irish women were not easy, but much better than a life back in Ireland.

In the 1850's through the 1870's 45% of all Irish immigrants were persons in the 15-24 age group with gender evenly balanced. But in the 1880's to 1920 that same age group made up about 60% of all Irish immigrants. This social class was young and could adapt to working in the harsh conditions. Immigrants who arrived alone often eventually married either someone from the immigrant community in the area. With each passing year women began taking up a higher and higher percentage of Irish immigrants. By 1921 women outnumbered men 2:1. These women were overwhelmingly concentrated in domestic service. At the turn of the century more than half of all Irish immigrant women were servants. These Irish women learned American housekeeping through first-hand experience, living in the home of the family they served.

The Irish usually tended to support the Democratic Party rather than support the Republican Party. Most Irish had little sympathy for slaves because they feared that if they were given their freedom they would move north and threaten taking the jobs being done by Irish immigrants. One leading Irish-American politician, John Mitchel, wrote in his newspaper, The Citizen in 1856:

He would be a bad Irishman who voted for principles which jeopardized the present freedom of a nation of white men, for the vague forlorn hope of elevating blacks to a level for which it is at least problematical whether God and nature ever intended them.

So the Irish tended to be in favor of slavery and against abolition. This was just another reason why many of the people around them did not get along with them, this in turn probably making their lives harder and less enjoyable. However, at the outbreak of the Civil War an estimated 170,000 men born in Ireland joined the Union Army, but only about 40,000 were in the Confederate Army. This occurred because the issue for the Irish was not so much slavery as it was preserving the Union. The church in Boston agreed with Archbishop Hughes that "It is one country and shall be one".

After the Civil War, attitudes toward the Irish shifted slightly, and the "Irish Need Not Apply" signs on businesses, that had been so common decades before, began to disappear. The Irish had heavily participated in the war: thirty nine Union regiments contained a majority of Irishmen, and the 69th regiment was comprised almost totally of Irishmen. The Irish Americans gained some respect for their involvement in the Civil War and were now more accepted by American society. The Irish Americans in the post-Civil War time period were more economically successful. Several of the Irishmen that had been manual laborers now held managerial positions in the railroad, iron, and construction industries. Several Irish Americans also became educated and trained professionals. Irish women, although held back by the restrictions placed on all American women around the turn of the century, achieved higher positions in society as teachers, nurses and secretaries.

After the Civil War Boston's population was now made up of more than a quarter Irish born citizens. Because of this it was now possible for Irish voters to get their candidates elected into office. Hugh O'Brien became the first Irish American mayor of Boston in 1884.

Irish immigration escalated after the Civil War was over. The absolute majority of Irish Immigrants came after 1860. The drain from Ireland was fairly constant. In 1850 Irish immigrants made up about 14% of the immigrants coming to America, in 1880 they made up about 13% of the total. But their impact in the United States changed greatly. The Irish immigrants of 1850 were more than a third of all new arrivals, but by 1880 the Irish arrivals had been reduced to less than an eighth. In the census of 1850 the nearly one million Irish born were almost 43% of all foreign born, while in 1890 almost twice that number made up only 20% of the foreign born. This is important because the arrival of even larger numbers of immigrants from elsewhere helped to mask the coming of the large numbers of Irish immigrants. There were just enough Irish to take the places of the immigrants of an earlier generation that had died. Even though the Irish faced discrimination, they had many advantages over other immigrants. The biggest advantage was that the Irish were able to speak English, this was a luxury not enjoyed by almost every other immigrant group. Also, the Irish did not suffer any form of culture shock, because the American and Western European cultures were very similar. But the similarities between Americans and incoming Irish men and women did not help stop the strong anti-Irish sentiments.

Boston itself was not really a magnet for immigrants. The Irish were, in a way trapped there in large numbers. The Irish outnumbered the Massachusetts natives 14,595 to 13,533. Most of the Irish stayed in the eastern cities where they landed because many of them were too poor to afford moving anywhere else. And if they did acquire enough money to move west, by that time they were already accustomed to their surrounding and did not want to move again. This is why Boston and New York were such hot spots for Irish communities. This is so because the Irish arrived as peasants and did not have any money to go anywhere else.

Often the Irish immigrants in Boston were forced to consider any work available, and even then they were often barred by prejudice. The slogan "None

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