King Leopold's Ghost

King Leopold II developed his dream for colonization at an early age. Before he even took the throne he was on the lookout for unconquered land that could later be in his possession. The king wanted to become rich as a result of his new land through the process of trading. Once King Leopold II set his sights on the Congo, he would not give up until the land was his. He connived, manipulated and conned his way into the land. He did not care who got hurt; he just wanted his dream to be fulfilled.

In order to achieve his dream, King Leopold II wanted to be sure that no other country got in his way. Belgium was a small country and Leopold knew that his country posed no threat to others. If he started to conquer the Congo, other countries might follow suit and overcome him.

To sidestep this landmine, "he began planning a step to establish his image as a philanthropist and advance his African ambitions: he would host a conference of explorers and geographers (42-43)." The king would not talk about the profits he planned to make but about putting an end to slave trade and advancing scientifically. The guests were wooed with fancy rooms, fine dining and a persuasive opening speech by King Leopold II. Before his guests departed, they established the International African Association. King Leopold II selflessly offered to have the association's headquarters be in Brussels. He was also elected chairman; his term would last one year.

By forming the International African Association, King Leopold II took one step forward. He succeeded in convincing his would be competitors that his intention in the Congo was completely selfless. Although the International African Association met the following year, as per agreement, the committee dissolved afterwards. King Leopold II, however, still used the committee as a smokescreen for what he was doing.

He also hid his true intentions in the Committee for Studies of the Upper Congo. The stockholders of this committee were Dutch and British businessmen and a Belgium banker. When one of the Dutch companies went bankrupt, Leopold "used the shock of the Dutch company's collapse to offer, in effect, a buy-out of the committee's other stockholders (65)". After they accepted, the company no longer existed legally but that did not stop the king from referring to the committee as still functioning.

King Leopold II soon created the International Association of the Congo, which was nothing more than another cover up for the king's sole mission. Leopold managed to get a piece he authored published that stated that the International African Association "was sort of a 'Society of the Red Cross; it has been formed with the noble aim of rendering lasting and disinterested services to the cause of progress' (66)". The king managed to fool almost everyone and receive some donations for his "humanitarian" endeavors.

Another association that King Leopold II wanted to attach his name to was the Aborigines Protection Society. This society was an anti-slavery society. Although King Leopold II was not opposed to slavery, he had long been convincing people that he was. He joined this society in order to keep people thinking that he was against the idea of slavery. Leopold created such an illusion of anti-slavery that he was elected honorary president of the society.

King Leopold's men went over to the Congo with weapons, steamboats and medical knowledge, which was important in a disease ridden land. They were outnumbered by the African people, but they were more powerful. Leopold's men were able to control large amounts of Congolese with men toting rifles or whips. The people were beaten and killed and eventually they began to resist the forces that were taking their land.

King Leopold II organized his African mercenaries into an army for his new state called the Force Publique.

The Force Publique had its hands full. Many of the king's new subjects belonged to warrior peoples who fought back. More than a dozen different ethnic groups staged major rebellions against Leopold's rule. The Yaka people fought the whites for more than ten years before they were subdued in 1906. The Chokwe fought for twenty years, inflicting heave casualties on Leopold's soldiers. The Boa and the Budja mobilized more than five thousand men to fight a guerrilla war from deep within the rain forest. (124)

At times, the Force Publique was able to join forces with one group to defeat another. This was possible because the Congo people had been waging wars on each other long before Leopold's men arrived. The men shifted all over the area using this technique, guaranteeing victory in the end.

Many chiefs led their people in rebellious efforts against the Force Publique. Chief Mulume Niama led the Sanga people in an attack against the Force Publique in Katanga. Chief Mulume Niama's people put up a solid fight, considering the fact that the state troops were armed with weaponry. They killed one officer and wounded three soldiers before hiding out in Tshamakele, a large chalk cave. After unsuccessfully lighting fires by the three entrances to the cave in an effort to smoke out the rebels, the Force Publique tried to negotiate with Chief Mulume Niama and his people. They would not surrender and the Force Publique was successful in their second try to smoke them out. One hundred seventy eight bodies in Tshamakele were covered intentionally by landslide to hide the martyrs' grave.

In the area of the Congo rapids, another chief led his people in a rebellion. Eugиne Rommel, a notorious state agent, had a station in the area called Baka Baka, which means "capture, capture." He was on the lookout for porters he could force on a three-week journey from Matadi to Stanley Pool. On December 5, 1893, Chief Nzansu led an insurgence, killing Eugиne Rommel. The chief and his people burned Rommel's station to the ground. They then proceeded to burn and pillage two other state posts; at these posts they killed two white officials and wounded several more. Chief Nzansu spared a Swedish missionary but sought death for the men of the state. Fifteen white officials along with two hundred black soldiers were sent to demolish the rebels, who

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