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Is Electroconvulsive Therapy Unsuitable for Children and Adolescents?

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Is Electroconvulsive Therapy Unsuitable For Children And Adolescents?

REFERENCES

Abrams, R., & Fink, M. (1969). Convulsive therapy: Methods and applications. Department of Psychiatry, New York Medical College.

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Asnis, G. M., Fink, M., & Saferstein, S. (1978). ECT in metropolitan New York hospitals: A survey of practice, 1975-76. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 479-482.

Baldwin, S., & Jones, Y. (1990). ECT, children and clinical psychologists: A shock to the system? Clinical Psychology Forum, 25, 3-5.

Baldwin, S., & Jones, Y. (1991). More ECT, more children and more clinical psychologists: New shocks to the system. Clinical Psychology Forum, 32, 13-15.

Baldwin, S., & Oxlad, M. (1996). Multiple case sampling of ECT administration with 217 minors: Review and meta-analysis. Journal of Mental Health, 5(5), 451-463.

Bender, L. (1947, June). One hundred cases of childhood schizophrenia treatment with electric shock. Paper presented at the 72nd annual meeting of the American Neurological Association.

Bender, L. (1973). The life course of children with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 783-786.

Black, D. W., Wilcox, J. A., & Stuart, M. (1985). The use of ECT with children: Case report. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 46(3), 98-99.

British Psychological Society. (1988). Register of chartered psychologists: Charter guide. Leicester, England.

British Psychological Society, Division of Clinical Psychology. (1987). Guidelines for professional practice. Leicester, England. Cerletti, U. (1956). Electroshock therapy. In A. M. Sackler, M. D., Sackler, & R. R. Sackler (Eds.), The great psychodynamic therapies (pp. 91-120). New York: Paul Hoeber.

Clardy, E. R. (1951). A study of the development and course of schizophrenia in children. Psychiatric Quarterly, 25, 81-90.

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Frankel, F. (1973). Electroconvulsive therapy in Massachusetts: A task force report. Massachusetts Journal of Mental Health, 3, 3-29.

Freedman, A. M., Kaplan, H. I., & Sadock, B. J. (Eds.). (1972). Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

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Freeman, C. P. L., & Kendell, R. E. (1980). ECT: Patients' experiences and attitudes. British Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 17-25.

Frommer, E. A. (1972). Diagnosis and treatment of clinical child psychiatry. New York: Sage.

Gallinek, (1952). Controversial indications for electric convulsive therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 361-366.

Gostin, L. O. (1975). A human condition: The Mental Health Act from 1959-1975. Mental Disability Law Reporter, 55, 1976.

Hift, E., Hift, S., & Spiel, W. (1960). Ergebnisse der shockbehandlangen bei kindlischen schizophrenien. Achweizer Archiv fur Neurologic, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie, 86, 256-272.

Hughes, J., Barraclough, B. M., & Reeve, W. (1981). Are patients shocked by ECT? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 74, 283-285.

Jones, Y., & Baldwin, S. (1992). Shock, lies and psychiatry. Changes: An International Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy, 10(2), 126-135.

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Kendall, R. E. (1981). The present status of electroconvulsive therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 265-283.

McKenna, P., & Pratt, R. T. C. (1983). The effect of unilateral nondominant ECT on memory and perceptual functions. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 276-279.

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Oxlad, M., & Baldwin, S. (1995). Nursing, children and ECT: The power to stop. Nursing Ethics, 2(4), 333-346.

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as a treatment option for adults with affective disorders has a long history. ECT with children and adolescents, however, has not been widely used, and no empirical studies or controlled evaluations have been conducted. A review of the literature on ECT with minors reveals that it has an unknown mechanism of action, with a domain of applicability diminished yearly by legislation, litigation, and a wide range of intervention alternatives.

The use of ECT in childhood and adolescent disorders similarly was viewed as an area of unresolved debate.

An analysis of responses to the task force questionnaire (from which the report

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