History of Dance in Art

Dance, Music, and Performance

"The Joy of Life"

Introduction

In the nineteenth century some of the greatest innovations come from artists who strove to discover if art could work on the same level as music. I have decided to research the relationship between art, dance, and music. The interpretation of dance and music in art continually developed during the twentieth century. Firstly dance as a subject matter, drawn narratively and may have a symbolic meaning. This then moved on to dance interpreted emotionally. Thirdly music and dance can be interpreted abstractly. Endell's hypothesis (Fig.1) shows this idea of art working abstractly. Arshile Gorky describes abstraction as "allowing man to see with his mind what he cannot physically see with his eyes" and this works on the same level as a composer hearing the music in his mind before writing it down.

Some of the earliest drawings made by man are of people dancing (fig. 2). Dance is intimately associated with music and like image making it is a basic human act associated with emotional expression. Dancing is thought to be one of the most primitive instincts of mankind and this is why it has been recorded as early as 15 000 BC in Addaura, Sicily in the cave drawings of "Ritual Dance" (Fig. 2). The figures are created by simple arabesque line and are very effective in creating rhythm to the eye and therefore creating movement in the dancers.

Section 1

Matisse and Dйcoupages

When Matisse interprets dance, it is the colours that express the feelings for the joy of life. Dance is a subject that Matisse has kept coming back to throughout the whole of his life. He took influence from early, primitive art and created raw energy and dynamism. Matisse looked at the cave drawings from Addaura, Sicily 15 000BC. In "Ritual Dance" (Fig 2) you can see diagrammatic, schematic, arabesque outlines of humans and animals in a dance which most likely would have been a ceremony for fertility. There is no use of perspective, tone, colour or balance as you would expect from such an archaic piece of art. However, there is a sensuous shape to the figures that gives a vigour and rhythm to the eye.

With the rejection of classical art, artists started to look at other sources of inspiration. 'Primitive' art such as masks from Africa, cave drawings from across the world have been influences. Traditionally, this kind of work was not thought to be 'art' but rather a novelty. Matisse was strongly influenced by these early cave drawings as were many of the twentieth century artists. Matisse was one of the first to have a collection of African art and was the first to show this art to Picasso. African art is thought to have sparked Cubism with pieces such as "Demoiselles d'Avignon".

"Dance" (1911) (Fig. 3) and "Music" (1911) (Fig 4) are murals, originally commissioned by the Russian; Sergey Shchukin to be exhibited in Trubetskoy Palace. They were actually influenced by a visit to Collioure in 1905 when Matisse like Gauguin was influenced by the local labouring class after watching some fishermen and peasants on the beach doing a circular dance called a "sardana". Perhaps another reason why dance and music may have been chosen as subject matter was the influence of the World of Art movement and the Russian avant-garde. Artists worked collaboratively with musicians, dancers, directors, and writers. Creating productions that would show off their collaborative effort. Also in Moscow and St. Petersburg dance and music was the social par of excellence.

In these pieces, Matisse captures each of the elements; earth, sky, and body. The use of flat colour and rejection of tone means there is no volume or perspective in the piece. Although shallow depth is created by the blue and green background receding against the red figures. The vibrant colour creates explosive energy and is reminiscent of his Fauve era (1905-09). This scene has an exciting presence. The simplicity is caveman like, pre-historic and pre-social. Boundless energy is experienced, as the figures are extraordinarily powerful, exciting and unsettling. It looks as if they could be dancing in some kind of ritual. The viewer is over whelmed in how he captured energy and rhythm in these figures. Matisse created movement by the use of the twisting, meandering, arabesque, and sensuous line of the figures, against the background where the blue meets the green, to form a contrast to the furious figures. The red figures are full of ecstasy and energy. They are angry, barbaric but also erotic.

While the works such as "Dance" (1911) (Fig 3) or "Music" (1911) (Fig 4) are not easily accessible

because of their location. It is possible to see his Dйcoupages in touring exhibitions such as in Oswestry where Matisse's later cut-outs were being exhibited. When confined to his wheelchair or bed and being no longer fit enough to paint or sculpt, he "drew with his scissors". . At this time Matisse was bedridden having suffered from an intestinal blockage so was unable to paint. However, rather than feeling constricted creatively, Matisse felt reborn, "My terrible operation has completely rejuvenated and made me a philosopher of me". All of Matisse's experiences and knowledge he had gained during his lifetime had synthesised to create a rebirth in his work. He became more inspired than ever and avant garde once more. Matisse's first paper cut-outs were made in the early 1930's as part of the design for a mural. Ten years later he began to regard cut-outs as independent works, seeing them as a way of resolving what he called "the eternal conflict of drawing and colour". Matisse's dйcoupages or "cut-outs" was an entirely new technique. It was compiled by an assistant covering sheets of paper with flat, brilliantly hued gouache. He then directed his assistants to place the gouache precisely on the images to make the composition.

A great advantage of this technique was that it let Matisse experiment with the composition. It solved Matisse's problems of form and space, outline and colour, structure and orchestration that Matisse had always sought to harmonize. It also allowed him to pay full attention to the importance of line rhythms and form which in the past he had to sacrifice to colours and tonal relations. Matisse said,

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