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Flhd Notes

Essay by   •  December 16, 2010  •  Study Guide  •  1,969 Words (8 Pages)  •  1,383 Views

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Principles of Development

Cephalocaudal (top to bottom)

- Head= ј length at birth

- Head- 1/8 length as an adult

 Proximodistal - midpoint to extremitites

 Most children follow similar developmental patterns

 Individual rates of growth and development

 Rates of development are not uniform among developmental domains of individual children

Physical Growth in First Two Years

 Most notable time for physical changes

 In each of the first 12 months they grow almost an inch (20 in. - 30in.)

 In 1st year birth weight usually doubles by 4 months and usually triples by 1 year ( 7 - 22lbs.)

 head-sparing-- biological protection of the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects the body growth

Survival Reflexes

 Breathing - maintain oxygen supply

 Rooting, sucking, and swallowing - manage feeding

 Eyeblink

 Crying and kicking - maintain body temperature

Primitive Reflexes

 Grasping - Disappears at around 4th month

 Moro - Startle reflex. Throws arms out and then inward (embracing). Disappears around 5th month.

 Babinski - Toes fan outward, and then curl. Disappears around end of 1st year.

Gross Motor Skills

-Involve large muscles and body movements

- crawling, walking, running

- Cephlocaudal development

Fine Motor Skills

Small, finely tuned movements such as finger dexterity

 Proximal development

successful grabbing (6 months)

fingering, pointing, and holding

grasping a moving object

transferring objects from hand to hand

adjusting reach

Sensory and Perceptual Capacities

 All senses function at birth

 Sensation = the response of sensory system when it detects stimulus

 Begins with outer organ--nose eyes etc.

 Perception = mental procession of sensory info. When brain interprets sensation

 Begins in the brain and requires experience

 Cognition = thinking about what was perceived

 Habituation = process of becoming familiar with stimulus, lessened response

Newborn Abilities

 Touch - Emerges between 71/2 and 14 weeks of embryronic development

 sensitive to touch, temperature, pressure, and pain

 mouth area especially sensitive ( rooting and nursing )

Vision

 Tend to be nearsighted, visual acuity or sharpness is imperfect.

 Vision is the least mature sense at birth

 Newborn acuity - 20/200-20/600

 6 months - 20/40 - 20/100

 12 months - 20/20

 Infants react to color, contrast, contour, and movement

 Set focal distance between 4 and 30in.

 Depth perception occurs by age 6 months

 Visual experience combined with visual cortex maturation improves vision

 Visual changes allow stimulation and improves brain development

Hearing

 Responsive to human voice and higher pitches ( motherese )

 Hearing begins prenatally

 Startled by loud sudden sounds and soothed by soft rhythmic sounds

 Can distinguish sounds and locate objects by sound

 Differentiate speech sounds by 1 month

Newborn Abilities

 Taste - Prefer sweet over bitter or sour

 Addition of saccharine to amniotic fluid increase swallowing rate

 Mouth sensitive to: taste, temperature, pressure, and texture

 Taste buds functioning from 4th month post conception

 Smell - Can recognize nursing mother by smell after a few days

 Food habits begin early

 Template for food preferences begins early

Early Brain Development

-Most critical biosocial aspect of growth

- Newborn's skull disproportionately large

- At birth, 25% of adult brain weight

- By age 2, 75% of adult brain weight

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