American Pageant Chapter 10 Key Vocab

Thomas Jefferson Under the executive branch of the new constitution, Thomas Jefferson was the Secretary of State. When Alexander Hamilton wanted to create a new national bank, Jefferson adamantly spoke against it. He felt it would violate states rights by causing a huge competitor for the state banks, then causing a federal monopoly. Jefferson\'s argument was that since the Constitution did not say Congress could create a bank they should not be given that power. This is the philosophy of strict construction. Thomas Jefferson\'s beliefs led to the creation of the political party, Democratic Republicans. They believed in an extremely weak central government, no special privileges for special classes, especially manufacturers, and did not believe in letting every white male the ability to vote, only those intelligent enough to make wise decisions.

Alexander Hamilton Great political leader; youngest and brightest of Federalists; \"father of the National Debt\"; from New York; became a major general; military genius; Secretary of Treasury; lived from 1755-1804; became Secretary of the Treasury under George Washington in 1789; established plan for economy that went in to affect in 1790 including a tariff that passed in 1789, the assupmtion of state debts which went into affect in 1790, an excise on different products (including whiskey) in 1791, and a plan for a national bank which was approved in 1791; plan to take care of the national debt--a. fund debt at face value, b. assumption of state debts, c. creation of National Bank, D. taxes (tariffs and excises)--plan was a success in dealing with the national debt; founded the Federalist Party.

Henry Knox was the first secretary of war; came to power in 1789; was the first to be entrusted with the infant army and navy

John Jay Chief Justice of the United States; in 1794 George Washington sent him to negotiate a treaty with England; The Jay Treaty was a failure because it didn\'t mention British impressment and America had to pay Pre-Revolutionary debts. It did prevent a war with England and helped in the signing of the Pinckney Treaty with Spain.

Funding at Par an economic plan plan devised in 1790 by Hamilton in order to \"bolster the nation\'s credit\" and strengthen the central govrenment. It was a plan to exchange old bonds for new bonds at face value. This would take on the dents of all the states and reinforce faith in the government bonds. (168)

Strict Constitution Jefferson and his states\' right disciples believed the Constitution should be interpreted \"literally\" or \"strictly\". The reason why was to protect individual rights. Jefferson did not want the Bank of the United States,Hamilton thought it would not only be proper, but also necessary. Jefferson thought it was up to the states and Hamilton thought it was up to Congress. The Bank was created by Congress in 1791. Having a strong central government made people fear that theeir rights would be taken away from them.

Assumption Part of Hamilton\'s economic theory. Stated that the federal government would assume all the states\' debts for the American Revolution. This angered states such as Virginia who had already paid off their debts.

Implied Powers Implied powers refers to the powers of the government found in the constitution in unwritten forms. Although some situations, such as the creation of the National Bank, are not specifically referred to in the constitution through the elastic clause they are not illegal or unconstitutional. After Hamilton was appointed head of treasury in 1789, debates began between his interpretation of the constitution and Jefferson\'s views. Eventually this became an issue contributing to the formation of political parties.

Agrarian Means having to do with agriculture. The agrarian society were the farmers and plantation owners of the south. This was the society that jefferson wanted to see become the future of America. He appreicated the many virtous and benefical characteristics.

Excise Tax a tax on the manufacturing of an item. Helped Hamilton to achieve his theory on a strong central government, supported by the wealthy manufacturers.This tax mainly targeted poor Western front corn farmers (Whiskey). This was used to demonstrate the power of the Federal Government, and sparked the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794.

The Cabinet A body of executive department heads that serve as the chief advisors to the President. Formed during the first years of Washington\'s Presidency, the original members of the cabinet included the Sec. of State, of the Tres. and of War. The cabinet is extremely

important to the presidency, because these people influence the most powerful man in the nation.

Bill of Rights The first ten amendments of the Constitution, the bill of rights was added in 1791 when it was adopted

by the necessary number of states. It garuntees such civil liberties as freedom of speech, free press, and freedom of religon. Written by James Madison.

Whiskey Rebellion A small rebellion, that began in Southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794 that was a challenge to the National Governments unjust use of an excise tax on an \"economic medium of exchange\". Washington crushed the rebellion with excessive force, proving the strength of the national governments power in its military, but was condemned for using a \"sledge hammer to crush a gnat.\"

Amendment Nine The amendment states that the enumeration in the constitution shall not be construed to deny or desparage others retained by the people. It was written by James Madison in 1791 to stop the possibility

that enumerating such rights might possibly lead to the assumption that the rights were the only ones protected.

Tenth Amendment The Tenth Amendment is the last Amendment in the Bill of Rights which was created to protect American citizens natural rights. The Tenth Amendment states that the \"powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states and the people.\" This allows for a strong central government but it does not allow it to become all powerful by still allowing states and people rights.

Jeffersonian Republicans one of nations first political parties, led by Thomas Jeffrson and stemming from the anti-federalists, emerged around 1792, gradually became today\'s Democratic party. The Jeffersonian republicans were pro-French, liberal, and mostly made up of the middle class. They favored a weak central govt., and strong states\'s rights.

Judiciary Act of 1789 The Judiciary Act of 1789 organized the Supreme Court, originally with five justices and and a chief justice, along with several

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