Genre Criticism of Stanley Kubrick's the Shining

The true measure of success for any film lies in its ability to establish a relationship with its audience. Perhaps more than in any other genre, the horror film must be aware of this relationship and manage it carefully. After all, the purpose of a horror film is not necessarily to invoke thought, but rather to evoke an emotional reaction from its audience. Horror films of all types have used frightening images, disturbing characters, and thrilling sequences to inspire fear. Within the genre, "tried and true" methods have become staples in evoking this response from the viewer. From serial killers "around the corner" to monsters under the bed, the horror genre has employed these methods to guarantee a scare from its audience. The result is often a predictable film that only touches the surface of this relationship. Every once in a while, however, a film comes along that explores the possibilities and experiments with the depth of this relationship. Such films are presented in ways to attach themselves inside of the human psyche and remain there long after the film is over.

Stanley Kubrick's The Shining is one of these films. A true auteur, Kubrick steps into the horror genre and explores the potential of the power of a horror film. Through the use of imagery and sound, Kubrick creates a film that is beautiful, terrifying, and thought provoking. With its use of shot selection, motion, lighting and pace, The Shining defies the conventions of the horror genre to create a unique and captivating film experience.

At its core, The Shining is a narrative about a haunted house. Jack, played by Jack Nicholson, is a man who takes on a job as an off-season caretaker at a huge, isolated resort with a haunting past and brings his wife, Wendy, and son, Danny, along to spend a winter alone at the Overlook Hotel. As a struggling writer, he sees the job as an opportunity to work on his writing in a peaceful, serene setting. The supernatural powers of the house and the effects of isolation begin to wield their power over Jack and turn him into a crazed murderous lunatic. His descent into madness ultimately leads him in an attempt to kill his wife and son.

The title of the film is derived from Danny's ability to see into the future and communicate with the supernatural. This "shining" serves as a conduit through which the audience is allowed to see the hotel's more disturbing secrets and their effect on its inhabitants. Danny shares this gift with Dick Hallorann, the hotel's head chef. Even after Hallorann leaves the hotel for the winter, the "shining" allows him to foresee the danger for the family. Ultimately, he journeys back to the hotel to protect the family from their impending doom. The narrative is fairly conventional, but the film is made memorable through Stanley Kubrick's unique direction.

The Shining is a visually stunning picture that uses the camera cleverly to create its beautiful shots. The most interesting camera technique employed by Stanley Kubrick is his use of motion. When Jack and his family are taking their initial tour of the hotel, the camera is always moving along with them. This is an effective technique because it expresses the vast and overwhelming size of the hotel. Jack and Wendy seem to be "led" by the camera through the long hallways and enormous rooms of the hotel. Also, the camera often uses wide shots to track their lateral movement. These extreme wide shots accentuate the contrast between their small figures and the large and open space in the hotel. This automatically introduces the vulnerability of this family to the powers of the Overlook Hotel.

Kubrick also expresses this idea of vulnerability through the use of aerial shots. In one sequence, Jack is standing over a model of the hotel's maze while Wendy and Danny are outside walking through the real maze. The camera seamlessly cuts from a shot of the model to an exactly replicated aerial shot of the maze outside. Wendy and Danny are shown as two incredibly small dots walking through the middle of this gigantic labyrinth. Again, this is a terrific use of the camera to show the vulnerability of this mother and child against the powers of both the hotel and Jack. This is another example of Kubrick's unique direction, as such detailed and expressive camerawork is rare within the horror genre.

Another unique aspect of the film is its effectiveness despite its relative lack of blood and gore. The images that make up the film's most terrorizing sequences are relatively carnage-free. The film's power lies in its psychological manipulation of its audience rather than in gruesome images or sequences. Perhaps its most powerful images are the recurrence

of Danny's (Jack's son) visions of two nearly identical twin girls. We know from Jack's interview with the hotel director that their father who, like Jack, was a previous off-season caretaker at the hotel murdered these girls. In any other setting, these girls would not be particularly frightening. They are not intimidating or imposing figures, but their presence has an arresting effect on both Danny and the audience. There is certainly an eerie and disturbing quality to their appearances, but the source of this uneasiness is not easy to define.

The Shining also does not have a conventional villain or killer, usually a requisite for any horror film. There is no "Norman Bates" or "Leatherface" in the film. The major force of evil in the film is the hotel itself, with all of the spirits that inhabit it. Even Jack, who ends the film a murderous psycho, is never portrayed as being particularly evil. He is seen as a victim of the overwhelming power of the hotel and the isolation that is driving him insane. One of the most disturbing sequences of the film involves Jack and a beautiful naked woman in one of the hotel's bathtubs. She gets out of the bath, revealing her beautiful figure to him, and they exchange a passionate kiss. It is not until a few seconds into the kiss that he realizes that this woman is old and decomposing. He immediately pushes her away and she walks slowly after him, laughing hysterically. This sequence is an example of the hotel's power over Jack, exposing Jack as a victim and the hotel as the true villain of the film.

The film is also extremely terrifying despite unusual lighting techniques. Many horror films rely on darkness and shadows to add suspense to their environments. This

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