Further Option for China's Farmland Reform(chinese Translation Included)

Options for Further Reform in China's Farmland System

from "Report of a pilot study on poverty, land abandonment and rural institutions", produced by the Department of International Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, in collaboration with the FAO Rural Development Division

THE FUNDAMENTAL ISSUE in the setup of China's existing rural farmland system centres on ambiguity in the definition of land ownership rights. Despite stipulations in the Constitution and Land Management Law, specifying that rural land is owned by the collective, it is nevertheless unclear which of the "three levels of ownership'' in the collective -- People's Communes, production brigades and production groups - is referred to. Furthermore, even if it had designated the ownership to a certain level in the collective, the problem would again emerge from the lack of a clear scope of the collective and its membership. Added to this ambiguity in the ownership of land is the incompleteness of the principal land property right, as the State has the authority to dispose of the land, while the farmer occupies the rental income, resulting in a drain on land revenue and difficulties in land circulation.

ЦРâ„-ъПЦÒ'жµÐ"Ð*©Ò'еÐ*©ÐœÐ¿ÐœÐµÐŸµµÐ"Ð...ЁÐ'ўЦРµÐ"â„-ШјьОКМвФЪУЪНÐ'µÐ¨Ð›Ñ‰Ð£Ð ИЁ¶ÐÐ¢ÐµÐ™ÐŸµÐ"І»Ð"чИ*[Ð"ЈАвÐ'Ð...Ñ--Й]ЎЈÑ*ÐŽâ„-ЬПЬ*ЁÑ"ННÐ'µÐ¨â„-ЬАн*ЁµÐ"ÐœÑ...Ñ--оЦÑ'Ð"чÐ'ЛÐ*©Ò'еНÐ'µÐ¨ÐšÐ--јЇМеЛщУРЈ¬Ð˜»¶ÑˆÐ˜ÑÑ'цЛщУРИЁІгÒ'ОЎoИЛÐ"сâ„-«Ð™Ð*Ј¬Ð™ÑŠÐ†ÑŠÒ'у¶Ð£Ðˆ¬Ð™ÑŠÐ†ÑŠÐ ÐŽ¶Ð£ÐŽ±µÐ"ЛщЦÑ'ІўІ»Ð"чОъЎЈÒ'ЛНвјÒ'Кâ„-ЛьЈЁЛщУРИЁЈ©±»Ð¦Ñ'¶ÐµÐ...Ð'ЛТ»Ñ'цМШ¶ÐÐ†Ð³Ò'ОµÐ"јЇМеЈ¬Ð£Ð™Ð£ÐªÑ˜Ð‡ÐœÐµÑ˜oÐ-Ð'Ñ-ЙФ±Ð˜±Ð™Ð©Ð"чИ*µÐ"*¶Ðž§Ð...Ð*¶ÐÐˆ¬ÐžÐšÐœÐ²»â„-КÐ--»Ð±Ñ-цПЦЎЈФ­Ð¤Ñ‚ЙПµÐ"НÐ'µÐ¨Ð›Ñ‰Ð£Ð ИЁµÐ"І»ÐÐºÐ¥Ñ‹Ð ФТІјУÐ--Ñ--Ð'ЛХвЦЦІ»Ð"чИ*РФЈ¬±Ð˜Ð˜Ð*â„-ъјТУРИЁЧЄИÐ"НÐ'µÐ¨Ðˆ¬µ«ÐšÐ--Ð*©Ð"сХјУРЈЁНÐ'µÐ¨±»Ðˆ©Ð§Ð²Ð£Ð"µÐ"КХИлЈ¬µÑ˜Ð¦Ð'Ð'ЛНÐ'µÐ¨Ð›oКХµÐ"Ñ--ЭÐ...ЯÑ"ННÐ'µÐ¨Ð'чНЁµÐ"А§Ð"СЎЈ

Therefore, it is necessary to review the whole process of changes in the farmland system and find the correct point of departure for reform. In fact, such issues as egalitarian occupation of land, scattered land management, instability in farmland contracts and lack of circulation or efficiency have all resulted from an ambiguous land ownership. Once the land owner is clearly defined and the principal property rights affirmed, then, the farmland's management, sale, leasing (including farmers' contracting of collective land and re-contracting of their contracted land), inheriting and disposal as gift -- all these and other matters of management and circulation would be easily resolved.

ТтÒ'ЛЈ¬»Ð¨â„-ЛХыÑ'цÐ*©ÐœÐ¿ÐœÐµÐŸµµÐ"±Ð'»Ð‡â„-эÑ-ÐœÑ"НХТµÐ...Т»Ñ'цÑ'Ð"Ñ'пµÐ"ХэИ*Ñ-ц*ÑžµÐ³ÐšÐ--Ñ"Ь±Ð¨Ð¢Ð„µÐ"ЎЈКÐ'КµÐ™ÐŸÐˆ¬Ð¥Ð²Ð ©ÐžÐšÐœÐ²Ðˆ¬±Ð˜Ð˜Ð*Ð-Ð...Ñ*щ*ЦÐ*Ð'НÐ'µÐ¨Ðˆ¬*ЦЙўµÐ"НÐ'µÐ¨â„-ЬАнЈ¬ÐÐ'µÐ¨Ñ"ПН¬µÐ"І»ÐžÐ˜¶ÐÐ ФÑ"НÐ'чНЁТФјoÐ §Ð"ЬµÐ"І»Ð§Ð³Ðˆ¬¶Ñ˜ÐšÐ--УЙТ»Ñ'цÐ"ЈÑ"эІ»Ð--еµÐ"НÐ'µÐ¨Ð›Ñ‰Ð£Ð ИЁІъЙъµÐ"ЎЈТ»µ©ÐÐ'µÐ¨Ð›Ñ‰Ð£Ð ХЯИ*¶ÐÐˆ¬Ð-Ð'Ф­Ð¤Ñ‚ЙПµÐ"ЛщУРИЁµÐ"µÐ...И*ИПЈ¬Ð˜»Ñ"уЈ¬ Ð*©ÐœÐ¿µÐ"â„-ЬАнЈ¬Ð'Ñ‚Ð'фЈ¬Ð§Ð²Ð'ЮЈЁoьАЁÐ*©Ð"сÐ--©¶©Ñ"ПН¬Ð˜ÐŽµÐ"јЇМеНÐ'µÐ¨Ñ"НÑ'Ò'Ð--©[ФЩÐ--©Ðˆ¬Ð§Ð„Ð--©]ТСÑ*­Ð--©â„-эÑ"ПН¬µÐ"НÐ'µÐ¨Ðˆ©Ðˆ¬Ð¢Ð*Ò'«Ñ"НÒ'¦ÐÐ½ÐžÐ„ФщУлОп --- ЛщУРХвР©Ñ"НÐ-Ð'ЛыТ»Ð ©â„-ЬАнÑ"НÐ'чНЁЙПµÐ"ОКМвÐ...«»Ð±Ð£­Ð˜Ð ¶ÑˆÐ...вЎЈ

Sticking to and perfecting collective ownership

јбÑ-ЦНкЙÐ-јЇМеЛщУРЦÐ-

As to the direction of future reform in China's rural farmland ownership, there have been controversial views from academic circles and the agricultural sector, both of whom have come forth with many different ideas. These include the nationalization of rural farmland, reform and improvement of the existing collective ownership of rural land, private ownership of farmland as well as a system of mixed ownership.

ЦÐ'УЪЦРâ„-ÑŠÐ*©ÐœÐ¿Ð›Ñ‰Ð£Ð ИЁµÐ"ОÒ'АÒ'Ñ'Ð"Ñ'п*Ð...ПтЈ¬Ð£Ð АÒ'ЧФС§ÐšÑ...Ð...Ð*µÐ"УРХщТйµÐ"Ñ'чЦЦјыÐ...вÑ"НÐ*©Ð¢µÐ†Ñ--µÐ"â„-ЫµÐ³Ðˆ¬Ð'Ð...ХЯ¶Ñ˜Ò'шАÒ'Ñ'чЧФІ»Ð¬µÐ"Рн¶ÐoТвјыЎЈÐ-Ð'ЦРoьАЁÐ*©Ò'еНÐ'µÐ¨µÐ"â„-ъУР»Ð‡Ðˆ¬Ñ'Ð"Ñ'пÑ"НÑ'Ð"Ð...шПЦÒ'жµÐ"Ð*©Ò'еНÐ'µÐ¨Ñ˜Ð‡ÐœÐµÐ›Ñ‰Ð£Ð

...